Table of Contents

Modelling an Empirical Equations for Analysing Relative Permeability

in the niger delta (xyz) reservoirs.

Akpoturi Peters and Henry Idudje                                                                1-15

Recovery and Production of Lubricating Grease from Nigerian

Tar Sands Heavy Oil

Akpoturi Peters and Henry Idudje                                                                16-26

Solar Energy in Nigerian Buildings: A Pathway to Energy Efficiency

Onwugbonu Dike Ajie & Arc. Paul Uchenna                                                           27-38

Integrating Mixed-Use Developments to Achieve Urban Revitalization

 and Sustainable Living Environment In Port Harcourt

Bestmann, Tonye S.                                                                                        39-54

Isolation and characterization of active fraction of pergularia

 tomentosa against dermatophyte

Arzika, A.T., Adili, A.T., Abubakar, L., Bagna, E.A. & Mohammed, S.                        55-76

Isolation and characterization of active fraction of pergularia tomentosa against dermatophyte

¹Arzika, A.T., ¹Adili, A.T., ¹Abubakar, L., ¹Bagna, E.A. & ¹Mohammed, S.

Department of Chemistry

Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria

E-mail: arzikatambuwal1982@gmail.com,

Abstract

Pergularia tomentosa is reported to have antifungal (Hassan et el., 2007), anti-bacterial, (Dangoggoet el., 2002) and anti-dermatophyte activity (Gill, 1992). This work was aimed at isolating the most active fraction against some dermatophyte isolate, phytochemical screening of crude, n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts indicate the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, saponin, and phenols in all fractions but volatile oils are absent. The main work was to isolate the active fraction, So, fractionation of was done by suspending 100g of the dried plant sample in 500ml n-hexane, chloroform and then ethanol.the minimum percentage inhibition of the three fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol) were assayed by Agar well dilution method, which shows that, chloroform fraction ha highest percentage inhibition of 58.15, and 55.42% against malassezia and Trichoptyton than n-hexane 7.40 and 15.11% and ethanol extract 20.32 and 25.13%respectively. The chloroform extract was then fractioned using column chromatography, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol were used as eluent, and five fractions was obtained. All the column chromatographic fractions were also tested for its antidermatophytic activity using the same method above, dichloromethane fraction shows highest percentage inhibition against the dermatophyte (malassezia and Trichoptyton) with the percentage inhibition 82.22 and 92.32% respectively than other five fractions of ethyl acetate: (12.22 and 34.36), (20.56 and 30.13) and ethanol fractions (17.78% and 27.03%), and (10.00%and 19.22%) respectively. The dichloromethane fraction were then subjected to: physical examination(color, physical state, TLC analysis and melting point examination), and spectroscopic techniques (IR, GC- MS) were utilized.

INTEGRATING MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENTS TO ACHIEVE URBAN REVITALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE LIVING ENVIRONMENT IN PORT HARCOURT

Bestmann, Tonye S.

Department of Architecture,

Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State

Abstract

Mixed-use developments are becoming increasingly essential in achieving a sustainable and attractive environment in many cities today. This is because they promote social equity, economic vitality and environmental quality. This article discusses the concept of mixed-use developments for urban revitalization and sustainable living environment in Port Harcourt. The city of Port Harcourt, formerly known as the garden city is now characterized by its weakened vibrancy and huge deterioration of the entire city landscape. The absence of modern city planning and proper architectural designs over the years has overturned the solid and true well-earned name in the historic times. Today, urban cities in Nigeria suffer from little or no investment actions in proper urban developments and the continuous duplications of single use buildings. The aim of this proposition is to study the developmental practicability of a Mixed-use development.  A Mixed-use development combines different uses in one structure or neighbourhood and has worked in so many developing cities all over the world. The contention being made is straight forward; if it can work there, then why can’t it work here?  The aim is to promote and motivate adequate urban community revitalization though the use of mixed-use spaces to curtail excessive land use thus creating a sustainable living environment.

SOLAR ENERGY IN NIGERIAN BUILDINGS: A PATHWAY TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Onwugbonu Dike Ajie & Arc. Paul Uchenna

Department of Architecture,

Rivers State University, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt

Email:dicky4ya@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract

Due to the increase in living standard and demand, energy conservation has become important in industrialized and developing countries. In respect to rational use of energy, this paper evaluates solar energy in Nigerian buildings with the aid of passive and active solar architecture approaches which makes use of specific building design principles and reduces the artificial energy requirements for achieving indoor thermal comfort. As a climate responsive architecture, building design criteria has been studied with the help of several parameters like geographic location and climatic conditions, building shape, orientation, selection of construction materials, building openings viz. windows, selection of suitable sunshades, etc. All the salient building design parameters are studied and important findings and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study. In our quest for sustainable development and the achievement of a safe environment, numerous alternatives to power supply have been exploited. The challenge of erratic and insufficient power has for decades bedeviled our dear nation resulting in the proliferation of the use of generators in multiple locations within the built environment. This solution apparently is the people’s response to the nations decaying infrastructure but invariably produces an environment which is unsafe to its inhabitants. In recent times, reports have shown that the emissions arising from this practice have caused the death of occupants. It is common knowledge that the use of solar energy as an alternative power source is not yet ubiquitous in this country. In recent times, innovation in the area of thermal solar and photovoltaic provides possibilities of its introduction in the building fenestration and facade. This study however examines some existing solar powered facilities in Nigeria.  The study is useful for various resource persons involved in construction activities for designing energy efficient buildings.

RECOVERY AND PRODUCTION OF LUBRICATING GREASE FROM NIGERIAN TAR SANDS HEAVY OIL

¹Akpoturi Peters and ²Henry Idudje

^1,2 Department of Petroleum Engineering

^1,2 Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun

Email: petersakpoturi1212@gmail.com

 Abstract: Two types of lubricating grease were prepared from heavy oil extracted from the Nigerian Tarsands. The laboratory prepared greases were subjected to tests in accordance with the National Laboratory for Grease Institute (NLGI) specifications. This paper gives the results from the study. Toluene was used to extract the heavy oil from the tar sands by soxhlet extraction method. Conventional laboratory methods were then employed to produce the two types of grease (soap-based and clay-based) from the Nigerian tarsands-derived oil. Test results indicated that the two types of grease from the tarsand oil conform with the NLGI specifications and that the greases will be suitable for lubricating plain and roller bearings. Also, it was found that the grease from tarsand oil exhibited a better resistance at high temperature than the conventional grease from petroleum oil.

MODELLING AN EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR ANALYSING RELATIVE PERMEABILITY IN THE NIGER DELTA (XYZ) RESERVOIRS.

¹Akpoturi Peters and ² Henry Idudje

^1,2 Department of Petroleum Engineering

^1,2 Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun

Email: Petersakpoturi1212@gmail.com

Abstract: Relative permeability for a fluid is the relative flow of that fluid when its saturation in the reservoir rock is less than a hundred percent. It is also the ratio of effective to absolute permeability at a given saturation condition of the rock pore spaces and the wetting characteristics of the fluid/rock surfaces. Direct relative permeability data is very difficult to determine for the Niger Delta reservoirs because of.

—      Problems connected with obtaining sufficient and representative data for the area;

—      No comprehensive work on this determination has so far been done in the area;

—      Existing correlations from literature gives inaccurate values for the area.

In this investigation, empirical equations for two phase relative permeability data (oil/water, gas/oil systems), are developed by processing a large set of core data samples from special core analysis of various wells of the Niger Delta reservoirs.

The generalized empirical equation:

Krf = RWeλs, serves as a:

—      First estimate of the relative permeability values for Niger Delta reservoirs which have little or no available data information.

—      Means of cross-checking relative permeability values obtained through other methods.

—      Means of obtaining the relative permeability data when good estimate of fluid saturations are possible.

—      Good and economical starting set of relative permeability data during history matching phase of reservoir simulation for the Niger Delta reservoirs.