Table of Contents

Validity and Reliability in Research

Muazu Jallaludeen                                                                                                                   1 – 11

Isolation and Partial Characterization of Crude Cellulase- Free Xylanase from

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus for Possible use in Paper

Industry

Mohammed A. Milala, Martin I. Iloduba and Ali Abdulrahman Ali                                         12 – 24

Formulation and Optimization of the Organic Film -Forming Inhibitor for

Control of Corrosion in Oil Field using Design Expert Software.

R.U. Azike, S. E. Ogbeide and E.O. Aluyor                                                                                25 – 39

Analysis of Profitability and Operational Efficiency of Shea butter Marketing:

Empirical Evidence from Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Olugbire, O.O, Aremu, F.J, Oyedele P.B, Ogedengbe, T.A                                                         40 – 46

Determination of Heavy Metals in Crayfish Sold in Selected Towns (Asaba,

Ozoro, Patani and Sapele), Delta State Nigeria

Igbuku, A.U.                                                                                                                             47 – 54

Proximate Analysis of Ipomea-Turbinata (Moon Purple Flower)

Muhammad M.U, Idris B., Hassan S. & Tafida G.M.                                                                 55 – 61

Evaluation of the Nutrient and Antinutrient Compositions of Sesame

(Sesamum Indicum L) Milk

Okudu H.O, Nwaokoro F.C                                                                                                      62 – 69

City in Transition: Social and Economic Justice in the Nigeria Cities.

Kolawole Oladunjoye; Oluwayomi Adeyemo Ogunkunle; Adebare Rasaq Kolawole              70 – 78

The Ebola Pandemic and West African Integration: An Imperative for

Strengthening Public Health Capacity

Sharkdam Wapmuk, Ramatu Jaji and Agatha Eileen Wapmuk                                              79 – 96

Some Activities of Two Micelles on a New Spectrophotometric Reagent.

Adewusi S.G.                                                                                                                            97 – 102         

SOME ACTIVITIES OF TWO MICELLES ON A NEW SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC REAGENT.

                                                  Adewusi S.G.    

Department of Chemistry, School of Science,

Federal College of Education, Zaria

Email: saeedadewusi@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: This study attempts to synthesize a new reagent for spectrophotometric use with the view of joining the ongoing research efforts in the world on highly sensitive chromogen for the detection of harmful metal ion in solution. This reagent: Dioxallic Dithiophenyl Azomethine Hydrazine (DDAH) was synthesized following the reaction pathway of Carbonyl compounds especially aldehydes in general with primary base, to form condensation products of the type RCH=NR¹. The reaction was brought about by heating a mixture of 0.02mole of dioxallic dihydrazide (dissolved in ethanol) to 0.05 mole of 2-thiophene carboxaldehyde and the reacting mixture was refluxed for 7 hours. The solid product, separated on cooling, was filtered and re-crystallized from aqueous alcohol. The optimum reaction conditions of the reagent have been established with three (3) metals namely: chromium (VI), iron (II), iron (III), nickel (II), cobalt (II), zinc (II), mercury (II), cupper (II), vanadium (V), and lead (II). The impact of micelles on the spectrophotometric relevance of the reagent was carried by using both n-Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (HTAB) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). The results emanating from the analytical parameters clearly show the variations in maximum absorbance and absorbance in all the 3-metals used for the study. The study thus concludes that there exists some spectrophotometric relevance in the new reagent.

THE EBOLA PANDEMIC AND WEST AFRICAN INTEGRATION: AN IMPERATIVE FOR STRENGTHENING PUBLIC HEALTH CAPACITY

Sharkdam Wapmuk, Ramatu Jaji and Agatha Eileen Wapmuk

                                                               Department of Research and Studies                 

Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos, Nigeria

Email: ndijida@yahoo.com

Abstract: The paper examines the implications of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa within the context of regional integration.The outbreak, which began in southern part of Guinea in December 2013, was unreported for about three months, leading to a spread especially in 2014 to the neighboring states of Sierra Leone and Liberia. The migratory pattern in West Africa and the challenges of porous borders provided a leeway for the spread of the disease to Senegal, Mali and Nigeria. The study reveals thatthe Ebola pandemic and the resultant mitigation measures of shutting down borders and travel bans have deep implications for the ECOWAS protocol of free movement of persons, goods, and services; and right of residence and establishment; socio-economic development; and also, the ECOWAS Trade Liberalisation Scheme (ETLS). The spread of the disease brought to the fore the inadequate capacity of health systems and resources in West Africa to respond to such a health pandemic in a proactive manner. The paper, therefore recommends the development of a Regional Public Health Action Framework for Member States, which will serve as a guide for Member States to review their existing public health capacities and services and to define country-specific policies to strengthen them. This will also require strengthening the governance system in all facets that relate to health and development.

CITY IN TRANSITION: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTICE IN THE NIGERIA CITIES.

Kolawole Oladunjoye¹; Oluwayomi Adeyemo Ogunkunle²; Adebare Rasaq Kolawole³

Department of Architecture

The Polytechnic Ibadan, Main Campus Ibadan.

Email: ¹koladunjoye60@yahoo.com, ²regeneratedlevi@gmail.com, ³kolawolerasaq@yahoo.com.   

Abstract: According to the principles proclaimed in the chatter of United Nations, equity, recognition of inherent dignity and inalienable right of every individual are the foundation of justice, peace and freedom in all Nations. With the aforesaid as the base, the fact that most developing countries around the world have weak social justice and economic system could not be denied. Countries in the developing world including Nigeria are plagued with social and economic injustice. The gap between the poor and the rich progressively increases on a daily basis in every area of life, especially in urban centres and cities. This condition has degenerated that there is high rate of poverty and crime and all sort of vices in the said settlements. The status-quo might be corrected and people live in harmony if common wealth is shared in fairness to everyone irrespective of social and economic status. This paper provides and summarizes an overview of the evidence on how social injustice and adverse economic system in the cities are important factors in understanding disparities in well-being of Nigerians in vital areas of life (employment, health, income, wealth, housing and neighborhood and criminal justice). Important data about the contribution and outcome of various government policies are supplied to show the impact of government strategies. It ends with recommendations based on research findings which would solve the problem if implemented by the various governments.

EVALUATION OF THE NUTRIENT AND ANTINUTRIENT COMPOSITIONS OF SESAME (Sesamum Indicum L) MILK

¹Okudu H.O, ²Nwaokoro F.C

^1,2Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State

E-mail: helenokudu@yahoo.com

Abstract: Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) was purchased in Ubani Market Abia State Nigeria from five randomly selected vendors and pooled to obtain the samples for the milk production. Standard method was used to prepare the milk. The proximate and vitamin content of the samples were determined using standard AOAC methods. Mineral elements were determined using wet-acid digestion method for multiple nutrients determination. All tests were carried out in duplicates and the data generated were analysed using standard methods. Sesame milk contains crude protein (3.47%), fat (2.27%), ash (0.80%), crude fiber (0.09%), and CHO (3.54%). Sesame milk is a good source of mineral but poor source of vitamin. Sesame milk contains Ca (194.00mg/100g), Mg (39.37mg/100g), K (35.72mg/100g), Na (63.63mg/100g) and Fe (1.79mg/100g); β-carotene (5.89µg/100g), B₁(0.05mg/100g), B₂ (0.03mg/100g), B₃ (0.17mg/100g) and vitamins C and E (0.65 and 0.78mg/100g respectively). The entire antinutrient determined were below 1%.The study shows that sesame milk is a good source of protein, fat, and minerals (Ca, K).  

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF Ipomea-Turbinata (MOON PURPLE FLOWER)

¹Muhammad M.U, ²Idris B., ³Hassan S. &⁴Tafida G.M.

^{1, 2, &3}Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College Education, Sokoto

⁴Department of Registry/Health Services, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria

Abstract: Proximate content of Ipomea-turbinate (moon purple flower) leaves was carried out using standard analytical techniques. The leaves were analyzed to determined proximate nutrient content and some selected minerals elements. The results of the proximate analysis revealed a moisture content of (85.5±0.81%) and (5.2±0.47%), 8.7+0.61%, 2.16+0.03% for ash, crude protein, lipid and crude fibers respectively. The available carbohydrate was observed to be (72.17+0.46%) in the sample while its calorific value is (342.9kcal/100g). The plant leaves contained appreciable amount of mineral elements, with tran as predominant element. The anti-nutritional content of the plant showed the presence of oxalate (0.03mg/100g), phytate (3.21mg/100g), alkaloids (0.0018mg/100g), Nitrates (1.63mg/100g) and cyanide (0.48mg/100g) respectively. The values are lower than the references toxic standard levels. Therefore Ipomea turbinate could be used to supplement the potential nutritional uses.

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN CRAYFISH SOLD IN SELECTED TOWNS (Asaba, Ozoro, Patani and Sapele), DELTA STATE NIGERIA

Igbuku, A.U.

Department of Science Laboratory Technology

Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro.

Email; Igbukuaugustinaufuoma@gmail.com

Abstract: Anthropogenic inputs of pollutants such as heavy metals into the marine environment have increased their levels to large extents within the past few decades. This study investigated the level of heavy metals in crayfish sold in selected towns (Asaba, Ozoro, Patani and Sapele) Delta State Nigeria. Crayfish samples were purchased from the local markets and digested using nitric acid/hydrochloric acid mixture. Heavy metal concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck 200). The result obtained ranged from 0.161 – 4.466mg/kg for Fe; 2.666 – 5.050mg/kg for Co; 0.074 – 0.517mg/kg for Cr; 0.235 – 0.758mg/kg for Mn and 0.513 – 4.875. Chromium was the most dominant metal while cadmium was the least occurring metal. The mean concentration of the metals follows in the order: Cr>Zn>Pb>Fe>Cu>Mn>Ni>Cd. The result revealed that Cr, Ni, Co and Pb exceeded the guideline safe limits by WHO/IAEA. The level of Cr, Ni, Co and Pb in this study calls for concern considering the toxic nature of the metals. There is thus the need to regularly monitor the prevalence of heavy metals in crayfish sold in the region.

ANALYSIS OF PROFITABILITY AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF SHEA BUTTER MARKETING: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM IBADAN, OYO STATE, NIGERIA.

Olugbire, O.O¹, *Aremu, F.J, ² Oyedele³ P.B, Ogedengbe, T.A³

¹ Department of Forest Economics &Extension Service, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan, Oyo

²Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

³Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State

Email: fakunle2011@gmail.com

Abstract: This study examines empirically profitability and operational efficiencies in the marketing of Shea butter in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study. Well structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from a total of 120 Shea butter marketers in three major Shea butter markets. Costs and returns analysis were used to determine profitability of the marketers while efficiency ratio, profitability ratio and operational efficiencies were used to examine the Shea butter marketing performance in terms of efficiencies measures. The results of the analysis revealed that marketing of Shea butter was highly profitable in the study area; but the marketers that perform the function of both wholesalers and retailers (wholesaler/retailer) had the highest operational efficiency level (85.8%) followed by the retailers (83.5%) while the wholesalers have the least (59.7%). Similarly, for every N100 invested in Shea butter trading in the study area, wholesalers/retailers, retailers and wholesalers realized N 76.7, N 51.4 and N 23.2 respectively while total gross margin per quarter of wholesaler/retailer and wholesaler were N 1,017,000 and N 922,000 respectively. The retailer has the least gross margin of N 890,000 per quarter. This positive and size of profit obtained for each Shea butter marketing institutions is an indication that these institutions were able to recover their operating expenses. Hence, Shea butter market is profitable and efficient.

FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE ORGANIC FILM -FORMING INHIBITOR FOR CONTROL OF CORROSION IN OIL FIELD USING DESIGN EXPERT SOFTWARE.

¹R.U. Azike, ²S. E. Ogbeide and ²E.O. Aluyor

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University OF Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

E-mail: ugochukwuazike@yahoo.com, samuelogbeide@uniben.edu and eoaluyor@yahoo.com

Abstract: This involved the formulation of organic film forming inhibitor that is intended to be used in control of corrosion in petroleum oil field environment. Preliminary investigation was carried out as a means of range finding by manually varying the concentrations of the components of the inhibitor. The obtained percentage concentrations ranges were optimized using design expert version 7.0. The experimental design method used was Mixture Design Techniques (D-Optimal method). This was used to determine the optimum concentration of the components in the inhibitor formulation. The combined therapy of formulation D gave performance with efficiency of 99.92% followed by formulation C with efficiency of 99.70%. The other formulations A and B also gave efficiency of 99.685 and 99.69 respectively with the different values of octadecylamine and imidazoline concentration. The best optimum performance is that of formulation D containing 18.41% octadecylamine, 24.15% of imidazoline, 1.27% surfactant, 0.4% demulsifier, 1.4% inorganic synergy 1.24% co-solvent and 52.3 solvent.