COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RICE AND TWO-WAVE WITH DIFFUSE POWER (TWDP), FADING MODELS IN TELECOMMUNICATION

*¹Agbo P.E, ¹Ibeh G.F, and ²Okeke S. O

¹Department of Industrial physics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria                                 ²Department of Physics Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Anambra State

E-mail: ekumaagbo@gmail.com, ibehgabriel@ymail.com

ABSTRACT

This paper present the comparative analysis of Rice and Two wave with Diffuse power (TWDP) fading models in terms of their probability density function (pdf) that describe small scale, local area fading experienced by narrow band wireless receivers in telecommunication. The paper also reviewed the basic method of generating the probability density function (pdf) for Rice and Two wave with Diffuse power (TWDP) model. Results of analysis from the plot of the probability density function (pdf ) against received envelope for worse distortion detection is also presented. Deduction from the graphical analysis on the nature of distortion observed at the presence of Strong Line of Sight (LOS) components in fading channels was also presented.

Keywords: Fading channel, Small scale effect, Random vector, probability density function, Multipath, Line of sight.

APPLICATION OF GAUSS-LAGUERRE QUADRATURE FORMULA IN DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN A VERTICAL WELL

¹Oloro J, ²Adewole E.S and ³Olafuyi.O.A

¹Petroleum Engineering Department, Delta State University, Oleh Campus

²Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Benin

³Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Benin

ABSTRACT

In this paper, application of Gauss-Laguerre quadrature formula was used to determine dimensionless pressure distribution in a vertical well based on the following assumptions: *Infinite acting reservoir that is, the reservoir is infinite size. *The well is producing at constant flow rate. *The reservoir is at a uniform pressure, when production begins. *The well, with a wellbore radius of radius of r_w is cantered in a cylindrical reservoir of radius r_e *No flow across the outer boundary. In work, the result shows that as r_D increases,  P_D decreases. This indicates that when the radius of wellbore is increasing, productivity decreases for a vertical well and also at early t_D the productivity is very insignificant. When P_D and t_D was plotted on log-log at late time the slope was 1.1513.This indicates that fully penetrating vertical well in an infinite reservoir and boundaries have been felt. The values of E_i at various r_D, shows that as r_D increases, E_i decreases. The results also shows that dimensionless pressure P_D increases with dimensionless time t_D and log approximation was applied when ≥0.25 and the smaller alpha, the higher the productivity. This method has ability to handle all homogeneous porous media, ability to handle all shapes of boundaries, regular or irregular and ability to eliminate trial-and error procedure.

Key words: Dimensionless, reservoir, wellbore, pressure, radius

GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF PEGMATITE VEINS IN PARTS OF THE OBUDU BASEMENT COMPLEX, SE NIGERIA

¹Igonor, Emmanuel E., ² Oden, Micheal I. and Horsley Robert J. (late)

¹Petra Prospectors Limited, (Nigeria)

²Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

Pegmatites the world over have been known to generate lots of interest because they sometimes play host to abundance of economically valuable mineral deposits like gemstones and rare-metal ores of tantalum, niobium, wolfram, lithum and tungsten, which drive the present day economic revolution. But the pegmatite veins of Obudu massif have received little or no research or commercial attention. A detailed geologic mapping exercise spanning over 30days  was undertaken to study the various lithological units of the area (Nigerian Topo-sheet Obudu 291SE), with special interest in the pegmatite veins as they occur in the area. From the field observation and analyses, the major lithological unit’s in Obudu SE area are: gneisses, schist, amphibolites, charnockites, dolerite dykes, quartz veins, and pegmatite veins. Traceable pegmatite vein length ranges from less than 1m to over 80m; though the most frequently occurring vein length is between 6m – 8m. Pegmatite vein widths range from <1cm to over 7m. The pegmatite veins of Obudu SE favour high angle fractures i.e fractures which dip at angles >50^o. Over 200 strike measurements of the pegmatite veins show that  more than 25% fall between 161^o – 180^o from north, which is the most preferred orientation. The pegmatites are mainly made up of quartz, feldspar and muscovite flakes but sometimes also contain gem mineralisation like amethyst, tourmaline, or aquamarine. Prospects for rare-earth mineralisation in the pegmatites of Obudu SE area look unpromising as they lack any visible occurrence of tantalite, niobium, lepidolite or any other rare-earth metal even though further geochemical analysis would be needed to ascertain this claim.

Keywords: pegmatites; Obudu massif; geologic investigation; strike and dip; orientation; southeast Nigeria;

AGE DETERMINATION IN Citharinus citharus (Pisces: Citharinidae) AND Synodontis nigrita (Pisces: mochokidae) IN LAKE ONA, SOUTHERN NIGERIA

Ekelemu, K. Jerimoth and Samuel, A.A. Zelibe

Department of Fisheries Science

Delta State University, Asaba, Nigeria

Email: jerimothekelemu@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Age determination of Citharinus citharus (Pisces: Citharinidae) and Synodontis nigrita (Pisces: mochokidae) in Lake Ona, Southern Nigeria were made in a study that spanned 2001 to 2003. The fish species were caught, using varied fishing gears that included:- bottom set and surface set gill nets of mesh sizes 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0cm, with each having a length of 25.0m and a depth of 3.0m; cast net with stretched mesh size of 6.4cm; fish baskets, non-return valve traps which along with fences, fish pots and a set of long-lines of length 35.0m. Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) was deployed to aggregate fishes and invariably increased fishing success. Sampling was at three stations (I, III and V) established on the Lake. In the Laboratory, specimens collected were identified and sexed, their total and standard lengths were measured in centimetres while their body weights were taken in grams. The age of fish species were determined by analysis of Frequency distribution of Ocular Lens Diameters (OLD) measured in Millimeters (mm) and validated by means of Length-Weight frequency distribution. Catch statistics were, 288 specimens of S.nigrita with a sex ratio of 1.6:1, TL range of 06.0-21.5cm and BW range of 05.8-581.2g. Results of the Frequency distributions of OLD in S. nigrita studied indicate the population was made up of one age group with modal class interval of 10.0-12.5cm. In C. citharus, a single age group was clearly evident with modal class interval of 15.0-17.5cm. A lone class interval of 25.0-27.5cm, distal from the bulk may suggest another age group of C.citharus not fully represented in the sample. Length and weight Frequency distributions of both species equally followed the same pattern as the OLD frequency distribution confirming mainly single age groups in the studies populations. Results obtained equally indicate there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the left and right OLD in both species irrespective of sex. In C. citharus, all the left lenses were bigger than the right ones. In S. nigrita however, 253 (88.77%) of the population had bigger left OLD while the remaining 32 (11.23%) had the right OLD bigger than the left ones. Since all other features used in identifying the specimens were the same, except for the observed differences in the eye lens of S. nigrita, it is suggestive that we may have seen the outset of speciation.

Keywords: Length-weight, Ocular lens diameter, Frequency distribution, Sex ratio, Lake Ona, Southern Nigeria.

DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR 1000 HOUSING UNIT

B. U. Musa¹, Kalli B. Mai² and B.U.Tijjani³

¹Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

²Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ramat polytechnic Maiduguri, Nigeria

³Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the design of electrical distribution network for 1000 housing units Kano road, Maiduguri, Borno State.  The distribution system is designated to be overhead line, because it is cheap and tapping can be conveniently made at anytime.  The overhead line accessories such as the pole, conductors, insulators, cross arms stay insulators and stay wives are also designed to suit the area.  The transformer ratings are design to be ten number of 500 KVA (11/415V).  The system is also designed to carry the load imposed upon it without damage to the conductors.  The system can also meet the load variations which are likely to arise in near future and provide continuity of supply.

SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE IRON TOXIC SITES IN NIGERIA

¹J. Abah, ²K. N. Drame, ²M. Sie, ²B. Manneh, ³M. E. Abo, ³A. Umar, and ³M. Bashir

¹Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria

²Rice Research Division, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Niger State, Nigeria

³Africa Rice Center, Cotonou Benin.

E-mail: abahjim@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Irrigated and rain-fed land often showed some sort of nutritional constraints to rice growth caused by either nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. However, comprehensive data on soil physicochemical characteristics of most lowland ecosystems used for rice cultivation in Nigeria are scanty, making it a complex problem to identify specific yield constraint. This study determined the soil characteristics of rain-fed experimental sites for the Stress Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia (STRASA) at Adike (Benue State), Edozighi (Niger State) and Ndubia (Ebonyi State), Nigeria using standard laboratory methods. The mean concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) within 0-20cm and 20-40cm of the soil layers ranged from 800-1230ppm and 1010-1780ppm respectively. The mean iron toxicity score of the 80 lines of rice tried in the experimental sites varied between 1.75-3.65%. Zinc contents of the soil layers ranged from 1.09-2.29ppm and 3.43-4.44ppm. The Physicochemical analysis of the farm soils revealed low levels of nitrogen, potassium, organic matter, cation exchange capacity and acidic ecology with pH range of 4.15-5.22. However, available phosphorus was quite high in all the project sites. The experimental sites recorded zinc deficiencies while the high soil levels of ferrous iron in all the project sites is indicative of iron toxicity hot spot. The low cation exchange capacity of the soils has implication on the vulnerability of the sites to leaching of nutrient elements. Therefore, proper agronomic management is required to enhance rice productivity in the experimental sites.

Key words: Ferrous Iron, Toxicity, Physicochemical Parameters, STRASA        

EVALUATION OF FIVE CROP RESIDUES FOR DEGRADABILITY POTENTIALS IN GOATS AT JALINGO, TARABA STATE

K.J. Onaleye¹, A. Kibon², T.F. Mbahi³, B. J. Mufwa⁴, G.O. Gawi⁴ and H.A. Labaran⁴

¹Taraba State Teaching Service Board, Jalingo, Taraba State

²Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

³Federal University of Technology, Yola

⁴College of Agriculture, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria

mufwa@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Nylon bag technique for rumen degradability experiment was carried out to assess the nutritive values of Sorghum Stover, Maize Stover, Cowpea haulms, Sweet potato vine and Akidi chaff in the rumen of goats. At 48 hour incubation period, Sweet potato vine had the highest (80.99%) dry matter degradability, followed by Akidi chaff (78.16%), while the least value (51.84%) of dry matter degradability was recorded in Maize Stover. The Crude Protein content is highest (14.43%) in Sweet potato vine, followed by Akidi chaff (11.46%) and least (7.64%) in Maize Stover. The predicted rumen degradability (Effective degradability) value obtained in sweet potato vine (74.9%) at 50 hour rumen incubation suggests that sweet potato vine is the most nutritive of the tested crop residues followed by Akidi Chaff (71.9%), Cowpea haulms (61.5%), Sorghum Stover (54.8%) and least (51.4%) in Maize Stover.

Keywords: Crop residues, Dry matter (DM) degradability, Nylon bag technique, Goats, Effective degradability.

ANALYSIS OF IMPORT AND EXPORT ELASTICITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN NIGERIA: 1975 – 2009

Igberi, C. O., Nwibo, S. U., and Odo, N. E.

Department of Agricultural Economics, Management and Extension

Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki

E-mail: sunwibo92@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The study sought to analyse the import and export elasticity of agricultural products in Nigeria between 1975 and 2009.  Data for analysis were collected conveniently using secondary sources.  Data collected were analysed using inferential statistics (multiple regression).  The result of the import analysis showed that coefficient of multiple determination, R² was very strong at 0.750 and statistically significant at 1% (P = 0.01) which indicates a very strong explanatory power of the independent variables in explaining the change in the dependent variable, which was import demand of agricultural products. It explicitly showed that four (4) out of the five (5) coefficients of: gross domestic product (GDP), coefficient of index of commercial openness (ICO), External Reserve (LnEXTR) and Liberalization dummy were positively signed, as well as statistically significant at 1% except liberalization dummy (TLD) that was statistically insignificant.  Again, the result of the export analysis showed that the coefficient of multiple determination, R² was 0.525 or 52.50% and statistically significant at 1%.  The DW value was 2.947 and indicated the absence of auto-correlation.  It was further observed that the following variables: gross domestic product (GDP), commercial openness, output of major agricultural export commodities and index of world prices were positively signed and statistically significant at 1%. The study therefore conclude that agricultural export elasticity was most responsive to output and world price, and least responsive to trade liberalization; though not statistically significant.  Based on the research findings, the following recommendations were made: stimulation of domestic agricultural production for increase exports; expansion programmes and policies should be made proactive on agricultural export.  Agricultural products that are most competitive in terms of quality and price need to be encouraged.

Key words: import, export, elasticity, agricultural product, trade liberalization.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF EROSION IN ANAMBRA STATE (A CASE STUDY OF ORUMBA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

Uche Okeke

Department of Agric. Economics/Extension

Anambra State University, Anambra, Nigeria

Victorokeke67@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Soil erosion in Anambra State had many causes. They are high rainfall, lack of good drainage system, deforestation, topography, types of soils, road building, continuous cropping, bush burning and excavation. Questionnaires were used to elicit information from 50 randomly selected respondents from two communities under study. 30% of the respondents identified high rainfall as the major causes of erosion by lack of good drainage system with 25% of the respondents. The study recommended good drainage systems for constructed roads, massive enlightenment and educational measures for the farmers.