ical Effect of Scrapping and Keeping Time on Vitamins and Phytochemical E

Retention Ability of Carrot (Daucus carota L)

Okudu H.O Okudu H.O. .. ., ,, , 2 22 2Ojinnaka Ojinnaka, ,, , M.C., M.C., M.C., 2 22 2Arukwe, D.C., 1 11 1Okudu, P.C Okudu, P.C. & . & . & . & 1 11 1Nwagwu, Nwagwu, K.J. 1Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2Department of Food Science and Technology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State Email Email: okudu.helen@mouau.edu.ng okudu.helen@mouau.edu.ng;

ABSTRACT

Scrapping of carrots before packaging for sale is a new method adopted by most carrot sellers in Umuahia and its environs. Scrapping of carrots may enhance leaching out of nutrients and spoilage. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of scrapping and keeping time on some chemical composition of carrot. The β-carotene, riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, phenol, saponin and tannin were determined spectrophotometrically, while ascorbic acid was determined using titration method while flavonoid was determined by gravimetric oven drying method as described by Harborne. The data generated were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20. The result showed significant (p<0.05) difference between the β-carotene (4083.3µg/100g) content of the unscrapped carrot and the β-carotene (3956.7µg/100g) content of the freshly scrapped carrot. Vitamin B1 content of the carrot samples ranged between 0.02 to 0.04mg/100g. Vitamin B1 content of the freshly scrapped carrot reduced with about 25% while Vitamin B1 content of carrots scrapped and kept for 24hr and 48hr reduced with about 50% each respectively. Vitamin C (4.20 – 5.24mg/100g) and folate (11.80 – 13.83mg/100g) showed reduced of about 0.9 -19.1% vs 6.7 – 14.6% respectively. Scrapping alone reduced the flavonoid content of the carrot with about 22% while scrapping and keeping time reduced the value of flavonoid in carrot with about 24 – 39%. Reduction due to effect of scrapping and keeping time were also observed in saponin, phenol and tannin. Saponin was reduced with about 13 -27%, phenol (8 -25%), and tannin 11.4 – 17%. The study showed that scrapping and keeping time are capable of reducing micronutrients and other phytonutrients of carrot. Keywords Keywords: Scrapping, keeping time, carrot, β-carotene

Energy Sources for Electricity Generation Energy Sources for Electricity Generation: : : : An Overview An Overview\

* *Aliyu Aliyu Aliyu A. B. A. B. A. B., , , , Unwaha J. I Unwaha J. I Unwaha J. I. .. ., , , , & && & Momoh, S. B. Momoh, S. B. Momoh, S. B. Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State-Nigeria. Email; Email; adamuldam@gmail.com adamuldam@gmail.com adamuldam@gmail.com, ,, , ibrounwaha@yahoo.com ibrounwaha@yahoo.com ibrounwaha@yahoo.com and and and and momohsalihubello@gmail.com momohsalihubello@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The high requirements for the utilization of energy (electric power) for our day – to – day need across the entire globe are very significant and of paramount consideration. In order to meet with the energy use of our domestic, educational, health, industrial, commercial, social activities/endeavors, etc., there is the need for adequate and reliable supply of energy (electricity) from the conversion of numerous primary energy sources to electricity. This research/study considered the available conventional and non-conventional energy sources, as a potential to ameliorating the inadequacies in the supply of electrical power, and the lack of harnessing same in many parts of the rural and even the urban population among the developing world. The paper also looked at the merits and disadvantages of some energy sources and highlighted on socio-economic and policy implications associated with some energy sources. It also made some recommendations on how to easily access electricity through communal efforts, non-governmental supports and government aid via grid extension etc. Keywords: Keywords: Energy, Utilization, Electricity, Conventional, Non-Conventional, Globe, Population.