EFFECT OF NITRIC ACID (HNO3) ON THE EFFICIENCY OF COPPER (Cu) AS A CONDUCTOR

¹NdanusaB., ²LimanM. S., ³OladipupoM. D. and ⁴AbubakarB.

^{1& 3} Department of Physics,Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria.                 

 ²Department of Physics, Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State.

E-mail: bndanusa@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The Corrosive effect of acidic solution (HNO₃) on copper as a conductor was carried out in this work. Copper wire of diameter 2.20mm (4mm² in Cross Sectional Area) were cut and immersed in acidic (HNO₃) solution of 5%; 7.5% and 10% concentration respectively. These solutions were kept in an environment at a temperature of 34^oc and were observed between 72hours and 720hours. The results showed that the concentration of these acidic solutions have great effect on the cross sectional area of the conductor (copper), the longer the period of the observation the lower the cross sectional area hence the lower the conductivity of the copper and hence the lower the efficiency of its conductance.

COMPARISON OF THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS OF MEASURING FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE. A CASE STUDY OF CONCRETE MADE FROM CRUSHED GRANITE ROCK 

Ogah Sylvester Obam and Kassar Terungwa

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering

University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria

 E-mail: ogahobam@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Flexural strength of concrete could be measured by concrete cylinder specimen; the direct method of measuring the property is by concrete beam specimen. This study investigates both methods with the aim of finding the difference in the values obtained from the two methods. Laboratory experiment analysis was used for this study. Concrete made from crushed granite rock with mixed ratios of 1:2:4 and 1:1½:3 at 0.54 and 0.49 water-cement ratios respectively, were used. Sieve analysis and specific gravity tests of the aggregate samples were carried out. The 28 day mean compressive strength is 24.8 and 29.7N/mm² for the two ratios respectively. The mean flexural strength, for the beam and cylinder specimens are 1.9 and 2.0 N/mm² for the ratio 1:2:4. While the flexural strengths for the beam and cylinder specimens are 2.0 and 3.3 N/mm² respectively for the ratio 1:1½:3. The tensile stress values were subjected to t-test analysis. It shows that there is no significant difference between the flexural strengths obtained using beam specimen (direct method) and cylinder specimen (indirect method).

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TRADITIONAL METERING SYSTEM AND GSM BASED METERING SYSTEM

OYUBU A.O.

Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering,

Delta State University, Oleh, Nigeria.

E-mail: akposweet@yahoo.com   

ABSTRACT

Although many researchers hitherto have devoted their energies in working and showing copiously that the automatic metering system which has of date incorporated the GSM technology and thus has been modified to GSM based metering system, smart and intelligent GSM based metering system, GSM based automatic meter reading system or automated Billing system among others is the best, most accurate, and  most efficient  metering system in comparison with the traditional metering system, many electricity consumers, and power supply companies have not wholly embraced it use. This paper, a comparative analysis of the traditional metering system and GSM based metering system aims to demystify the benefits of the new metering technology; namely, GSM based metering system and hence encourage its acceptance over the old system namely, the traditional system.

MODELLING RIVERS STATE MONTHLY ALLOCATION BY SEASONAL BOX-JENKINS METHODS 

¹E. H. Etuk, ¹U. I. Amadi, ²M. Y. Dimkpa, ³I. S. Aboko and ⁴R. C. Igbudu

¹Department of Mathematics/Computer Science Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt

²Department of Mathematics/Statistics Rivers State Polytechnic Bori

³Department of Mathematics/Statistics Rivers State College of Arts and Science Port Harcourt

⁴Department of Computer Science Rivers State Polytechnic Bori

Email: ettetuk@yahoo.com,ettehetuk@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Rivers State of Nigeria Monthly Allocation is hereby modelled using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) techniques.  The period covered is from 2007 to 2012. This realization shall be called RSMA. Its time plot shows a fairly horizontal trend. An outlier is evident in June 2008. Seasonality is not obvious from this time plot. An inspection of the data reveals that yearly minimums tend to occur early in the year and the maximums in the middle of the year. This means that the data are fairly seasonal of period 12 months.  A 12-monthly differencing of RSMA yields the series SDRSMA which has a generally horizontal trend too.  Augmented Dickey Fuller Test for RSMA is significant whereas that for SDRSMA is highly significant. That means that even though both series could be said to be stationary, SDRSMA is the more stationary.  The autocorrelation structure of SDRSMA makes the SARIMA models of orders (0, 0, 1)x(0, 1, 1)₁₂ and (0, 0, 1)x(1, 1, 1)₁₂ suggestive for RSMA. The estimate of the former is non-invertible whereas that of the latter is not only invertible but possesses uncorrelated residuals that follow the normal distribution; hence, its adequacy.

APPLYING THE NAMBU-PSUDOSPIN AND GREEN’S FUNCTION FORMALISM USING THE WEAK COUPLING RANGE TO THE THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF TC IN DIFFERENT SUPERCONDUCTORS 

Igwe, P. C., E. G. Nneji, Oguazu E. C., Benneth N. O.

Department of Industrial Physics, Renaissance University Ugbawka, Enugu

Emails: pastor.igwepc@gmail.com  

ABSTRACT

Mathematical calculation of energy gap equation, transition temperature expression  and application to  the different superconductors such as Al,Cd,MgB₂, RbCS₂C₆₀, K₃C₆₀, and Sr₂RuO₄  are obtained from Nambu psudospin generalization of the Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer model (BCS) and results compared with experiments.

MEASURING GOOD GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY

STATISTICAL SERIES AND INDICATORS

Sikiru Adeyinka Abdulazeez

Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science

Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna

E-mail:  ysabdul94@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Statistics serves as a tool for measuring the performance of all aspects of an economy. Good governance in all its dimensions can be monitored using reliable series and indicators. Despite the enormity of the challenges faced by the Nigerian administration, it has failed to utilize adequate facts and figures in keeping track of its progress. The current administration has pledged to take joint responsibility to eradicate widespread poverty in the country and place it on a path of sustained economic growth and development. This paper highlights the series and indicators that can be used to appraise good governance and development. Governance is however contextual. While it is possible to identify concepts and principles of governance that are universal, they make no sense without adequate contextual reference. Nigeria can use the highlighted indicators as a measure of its performance in terms of economic growth, human development as well as democratic and political governance.

GRAPHICAL PASSWORD AUTHENTICATION METHODS IN INFORMATION SECURITY

Obasan Adebola,Patrick Owohunwa, and Abdulazeez Sikiru

Kaduna Polytechnic, Department of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, College of Science & Technology, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

E-mail:  aolukay@yahoo.com, owohunwapatrick@yahoo.com,

Abstract

Password authentication is a basic form of information security for computers and communication systems where passwords recalled from human memory are used to validate users before allowing them access to their different secure resources like personal computers, e-mail, individual bank accounts, social networks to mention a few. Therefore, today users have many passwords and find it difficult to create them according to the established password security guidelines. Instead, most users write down their passwords, and use one password for multiple accounts while others settle for simple, short, personal names of family members, dates, dictionary words, and unsecure passwords due to human memory limitation. Recall-based graphical password schemes are one of many proposed mechanisms for user authentication based on the premise that human memory is better at remembering images than textual information.  Most of these schemes have worked on the usability and security enhancement. The present study is mainly focused on the security analysis of the existing graphical authentication methods with discussions on different aspects of password security. The paper starts by categorizing the existing graphical schemes into three major types according to memory tasks: recall, cue recall and recognition tasks of human memory.  A total of seven schemes are chosen from each of the three categories and each of the schemes was extensively discussed. We review a number of criterions for measuring efficiency of authentication systems and examined different conventional password attack methods. Password space and password entropy formulae and calculations related to the schemes are also presented in this paper. A comprehensive analysis of each authentication method highlighting their password entropy and vulnerability to different password attacks was presented. In conclusion, some suggestions are given for future work.