Table of Contents

Consumption, Co₂ Emissions and Economic Growth: An Empirical

Evidence from Nigeria

Aribatise Adekunle & Elufisan Omowunmi Olaronke                                     1-16

Banana Xanthomonas Wilt: Control, Management Strategies and

Economic Impact

Chibuzor A. Ekwonye                                                                                      17-29

Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash as a Replacement for Cement in Concrete

Adejoh Benjamin Ochola, Abubakar Muhammed Ahmadu, Nazeef Mahmood         30-38

Causes of Foundation Settlement at Barnawa Complex, Kaduna

Salihu Andaa Yunusa¹, Lawal Sani& Abubakar Sani Kazaure                                    39-62

Prevalence of lymphatic Filariasis in Balanga and Billiri Local

Government Areas of Gombe State, Nigeria.

Yoriyo, K.P. Alo. E.B., Kela, S.L ,Napthali, R. S andAdang, K.L.                                    63-71

Using Muskingum to Calculate River Kaduna Flood Outflow

Sheikh Yusuf, Hamza, A, Saleh, M.A                                                                72-93

USING MUSKINGUM TO CALCULATE RIVER KADUNA FLOOD OUTFLOW

Sheikh Yusuf, Hamza, A, Saleh, M.A

Department of Civil Engineering,

Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria

Email: ibnyusuff2006@gmail.com

Abstract: Flood is now a global nuisance that need a solution in order to save the lives and properties of communities living in flood prone areas. Communities living near River Kaduna, in northern Nigeria, have experienced almost yearly occurrence of flood in their areas. Lives and properties worth millions have been lost in recent years, which mean that there is urgent need for some mitigation measures to be taken, to avoid further catastrophe. For this reason, research work was carried out in order to see how the flood in the river can be routed, so as to give the people certain period of time to evacuate some of their properties and run into safety. The routing of the flood was carried out using Muskingum, and an equation was developed to calculate outflow in the river. A routing period of 6 hours was obtained. The model equation was used to calculate some outflows and the values obtained were compared  with the measured values  in m³/sec. as follows: after 6 hours, measured value is 1028.9 while calculated value is 1036.2, after 12 hours, measured value is 1172.14 while calculated value is 1182.2, after 18 hours, the measured value is 1424.5 while calculated value is 1424.8, after 24 hours, measured value is 1582.5, while calculated value is 1592.0, after 30 hours, measured value is 1586.5, while calculated value is 1593.8, after 36 hours, measured value is 1480.45, while calculated value is 1480.9, after 42 hours, measured value is 1345.0 while calculated value is 1341.5 and after 48 hours, measured value is 1216.0, while calculated value is 1209.6. This concludes that the model equation is effective and can be successfully used to calculate flood outflow, especially if the values are missing.

Keywords: Flood outflow, River Kaduna, Muskingum, Model equation, Calculated value.

PREVALENCE OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS IN BALANGA AND BILLIRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA.

^*1 Yoriyo, K.P.² Alo. E. B., ³ Kela, S.L , ² Napthali, R. S and ¹ Adang, K.L.

¹Department of Biological Science Gombe State University Gombe.

²Department of Biological Science Federal University of Technology Yola

³Department of Biological Science Federal University Kashere

e-mail:kennedypoloma@gmail.com

Abstract: A survey on the prevalence of one of the neglected tropical disease: lymphatic filariasis was conducted in two Local Government Areas: Balanga and Billiri LGAs in Gombe State aim at encouraging community acceptance of Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) activities in the areas was conducted. A total of 800 blood samples were collected from banocide induced volunteers for identification of microfilariae during IRS advocacy for malaria eradication campaign programme in Gombe State. Thick firm  Gimsa stain method was used. Out of the above number 280 (35%) were found positive with Wuchereria banarofti; males had 143 (37.2%) while females 137 (32.9%). The difference between the males and females infection was not statistically significant (p>0.05). In Balanga LGA the prevalence was up to 144 (36%) with males having 80 (39%)  while females 64 (32.8%). In Billiri LGA there was a lower prevalence of 136 (34%)  in which males  also had a higher prevalence of 63 (35.2%)  than  females 73 (33%). However, the difference in infection in the two Local Government Areas was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The result shows that, although the clinical signs of Lymphatic filariasis is rarely seen in these areas, the parasite is still endemic in the Communities hence the advocacy campaign for malaria elimination using IRS should include lymphatic filariasis as another target disease since they have a common vector; this will enhance better community acceptance of the IRS programmes in the state.

Keywords: Prevalence, Lymphatic filariasis, Advocacy Programme, Gombe

CAUSES OF FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT AT BARNAWA COMPLEX, KADUNA

Salihu Andaa Yunusa¹, Lawal Sani²&Abubakar Sani Kazaure³

Department of Civil Engineering

 Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna

 Email: Salihu.andaayunusa@yahoo.com¹, abukazaure@yahoo.com³

Abstract: This research present results of laboratory investigation into the cause of settlement of foundation structure, at Barnawa Complex Kaduna. Soil samples were collected from four trial pits located at each side of the building (approach view, rare view and the side views). The soils collected were used to determine the behaviour of the soil present in the site so as to access the suitability of the soil to carry the imposed load. Both disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected for visual examination, laboratory testing and classification. The soil samples were subjected to Natural moisture content test, Particle size analysis, Atterberg limit, Compaction, CBR, Specific gravity, Shear box and Consolidation test, and the values obtained from the analysis are between 5.26%-19.16%, 18.50%-27%,   MDD is 1.89g/cm³-2.16g/cm³ & OMC 11.2%-13.00%, 2.32%-34.58%, 2.51-2.65, C is 27KN/m²-65.527KN/m²&Φ is 11^o-28^o, 1.282 – 6.239m²/year & 23.00X10^-3 -99.00X10^-3 m²/KN respectively. Bearing capacity ranges between 465.92-2125.44 while safe bearing capacity is between 310.6 -1416.96 and the total settlement is 114.4mm. The result shows that the natural moisture content of the soil increases with increase in water table. From visual inspection during rainy season the site experiences rise in water table beyond reasonable doubt causing the reduction in the strength of the soil which made the building to experience excessive settlement.

Keywords: Foundation Structure; Bearing Capacity; Total Settlement; Consolidation;

CONSUMPTION, CO₂ EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM  NIGERIA.

Aribatise Adekunle¹ & Elufisan Omowunmi Olaronke²

¹ Department of Economics, Wesley University, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Economics, Accounting and Finance, Bells University, Sango Ota, Ogun State

Email: kundun95@gmail.com

Abstract: The study examined the causal relationship and dynamic interaction among Energy Consumption (ENCOM), Carbon Dioxide Emission (CO₂) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria. These were with the view to examining the relative effectiveness of CO₂ Emission and Energy Consumption on the Nigerian economy. Annual data over the period of 1980 to 2015, sourced from the World Bank Development Indicators, and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, were used for the study. Time series econometrics (Granger Causality and Vector Error Correction Model) was applied to test the causal relationship, and the interaction among the variables respectively. The results established a unidirectional causality among CO₂ and ENCOM and GDP; meaning that as the economy experiences growth, there exist a corresponding increase in Energy Consumption as people tends to consume more energy, thus the rate of pollution also increases. The variance decomposition showed that a shock on CO₂ Emissions and ENCOM respectively have significant and lasting impact on the Nigerian gross domestic product i.e. a possible increase in CO₂ emissions which results in decline in environmental quality may generate negative externalities for the economy and that Energy which is a direct input in the production process is seen as a prerequisite for economic growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends that the Government should enact policies that will enable firms to utilize advance technology which emits less carbon dioxide and enhances domestic production. Therefore, concerned authorities can achieve a dramatic drop in carbon intensity by encouraging and introducing the use of wind, solar, geothermal and other clean renewable resources of energy

Keywords: VECM, Economic Growth, CO₂ Emission, Energy Consumption, Variance, Decomposition

SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH AS A REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT IN CONCRETE

Adejoh Benjamin Ochola¹, Abubakar Muhammed Ahmadu², Nazeef Mahmood³

Department of Civil Engineering,

Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna

Email: adejoh_benjamin@yahoo.com

Abstract

This study is aimed at investigating the compressive strength of concrete using Sugarcane Bagasse ash (SCBA) as a replacement for cement in concrete using two grades of concrete; grade 20, and 30 respectively. Sugarcane bagasse ashis the waste product of the combustion of bagasse for energy in sugar factories and are also bye-products of agricultural waste, sugar cane bagasse ash are disposed in landfill and are now becoming an environmental concern. The concrete cube cast was; control (0%) 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% respectively, the cube was cast, cured and tested at 7days, 14days, and 28days. Although, the results of this study have shown a significant reduction in compressive strength of concrete utilizing SCBA than normal concrete, it can be concluded that, optimum amount of sugarcane bagasse ash that can be replaced with cement is 6% by weight without any admixtures.

Keywords: Cementious Material, Compressive Strength, Concrete, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Pozzolana