SEPTIC TANK / SOAKAWAY PIT, NIGERIA’S CHOICE FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Arc. Boyce A. Odoko

Department of Architecture.

National Institute of Construction Technology, Uromi. Edo State.

E-mail: odokoarch@yahoo.com

ABSRACT

Septic tank is a wastewater treatment system through pipes connected to it from homes and commercial buildings. It is mostly used at rural arears where homes have no access to municipal underground sewage treatment system. Each time a water closet (WC) is flushed, faucet of the kitchen sink is turned on, and if you do laundry, take a shower, or take a bath, both the wastewater and solids goes through the plumbing pipes system in the house into the septic tank. Septic tank system has two compartments, the septic tank section has concrete slab on the floor. The other compartment is the soak away pit. The soak away pit is of natural earth at the bottom which allows the wastewater to naturally drain the liquids down into the earth. The septic tank section is responsible for treating the wastewater naturally by separating the solid waste from the liquids. The solids being heavier than the waste liquids, settles down at the bottom of the septic tank concrete slab floor. The wastewater flows through an opening at the top of a wall separating the two compartments into the soak away pit which naturally drains the wastewater into the earth.

Keywords: Septic Tank, Soakaway Pit, Environmental Pollution, Cracked Open, House, Solids, Clog, Water Closet, Sink, Concrete Cover Slab, concrete slab, Drain, compartment.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Tpl. Adah, Paul D. & ARC Mercy Inikpi Achoba

Departmental of Urban and Regional planning, School of Environmental Studies,

Departmental of Architecture, School of Environmental Studies.

Email: adahproject@gmail.com,mercyomata@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The rate of urban growth and current waves of natural disaster has necessitated the use of appropriate technology to generate data that would enable right decision. Information technology tools are require in the data acquisition and analysis.  The built environment data needs are complex and therefore required more than human effort.  The target of the paper was to explore available information technology tools and software that could contribute to sustainable development of the built environment. The data collections for the study were mainly from secondary source, observation and experience. The finding of the study shows that, the application of information technology in the built environment improve upon job delivery, enhance accuracy and precision of design, time saving in operation and eventually lead to sustainability of the built environment. Conclusively, sustainable development from built environment perspective every professionals must find better ways of balancing development objectives with the need for environmental sustainability. This is made possible through the use of information technology tools or software. The study recommends IT training in specific area of interest for the different professional in the built environment

Keywords: Environment, Computer aided design, Information Technology and Professionals.

EVALUATION OF SOIL VITAL CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED COMMUNITY FARMLANDS WITHIN AND AROUND MUBI PROVINCE, ADAMAWA STATE.

I.B. Bwatanglang*, S.T. Magili, Y.Z.Daniel

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry,

Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria

Email: ibbbirma@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The integration of physical, chemical, and biological properties to monitor and interpret changes in soil quality is an index that needs to be adapted at a community level for local farmers. Since the parameters needed to determine changes in soil quality may differ from one vegetation to another, routine soil test will provide a meaningful index to farmers on how to correlates whether the farmlands soil quality is improving, stagnant, or depreciating. This study was conducted to determine the health status of soils collected from farmlands within and around Mubi provinces, by measuring soil physicochemical parameters that are inherently associated with soil quality. The soil characterization was carried out by investigating the soil water holding capacity (WHC), the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Bulk density (BD) and soil organic matter content (SOM) using conventional analytical methods. The results obtained revealed that the mean concentrations values of the physicochemical parameters in the soil samples were in the range of; 117-420% for WHC, 6.32±0.50-7.71±0.78 for pH, 0.08±0.47-0.85±0.49ds/m for EC, 1.3±0.5-1.7±0.4g/cm³ for BD, and 0.327±0.630-1.759±0.550 % for SOM. The pH was found to vary from moderate acidic to near alkaline. The values of EC indicated that the soils are non-saline. Though, the overall results shows the soil retaining some basic health status, the low SOM recorded is an indication that in the near foreseeable future, the soil may loss it vitality. Therefore, effective soil management approaches should be implemented forthwith to salvage the soil from depreciating.

Keywords: Soil Health, Nutrient, physicochemical, Organic matter, Crops, Farmlands.

Comparative Epidemiological Studies of Polyparasitism in Some Rural and Urban Settlements of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Alaku I. A., Galadima A.A. and Sani Danladi

Department of Basic Sciences

College of Agriculture, Lafia, Nasarawa State,

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the prevalence of polyparasitism in some urban and rural communities in Nasarawa State and factors influencing such infections. A total of 1048 urine and stool sample were randomly collected and taken to Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Laboratory for examination. Urine samples were collected between 10:00am and 2:00pm and were processed for urinary schistosomiasis. Urine sedimentation technique method was used. Findings showed that parasite infections were more prevalence in rural areas than urban areas with age group 21 – 30 having the highest rate of infection of 64(50%). For stool examination, wet preparations were made using normal saline, iodine solution and formal ethyl concentration techniques method used. Intestinal parasites were identified, but Entamoeba histolytical were commonly observed. Statistically there was no significance in the occurrence of parasites trends (P>0.05). Female had the prevalence (46.42%) than the males (38.88%) and age specific prevalence showed that those age 11 – 15 years of had the prevalence (42.30%). In the whole, 398 (37.97%) were infected while 650 (62.02%) were freed. This study justified the need for early intervention measures such as community based treatment campaigns and health education (df=1 P<0.05).Keyword: Polyparasitism, prevalence, epidemiology, intervention

CRUDE OIL THEFT, ILLEGAL BUNKERING AND PIPELINE VANDALISM IN NIGERIA’S NIGER DELTA: SCOPE, ACTORS AND CAUSES.

¹Fidelis A. E. Paki & ²Tano Dumoyei Agusomu

¹Department of Political Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island 560001, Nigeria.

²Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island 560001, Nigeria.

Email: paki_fae@yahoo.com, dumoyei@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This paper examined crude oil theft, illegal bunkering and pipeline vandalism in Nigeria’s Niger Delta, with the object to discover the scope, actors and causes. The paper relied on secondary sources of data. The finding shows that crude oil theft, illegal bunkering and pipeline vandalism in the Niger Delta is now taking place on an industrial scale and involves commodity traders, international criminals and a whole network of people has since been acknowledged. Similarly, barons and boys, local people, security agents, refinery operators and international actors involving foreign nationals, international oil companies and foreign nation-states collaborate to commit the crimes in the Niger Delta. Furthermore, it was revealed that the causes of crude oil theft, illegal bunkering and pipeline vandalism were poor natural resources governance, failure to curb the lingering Niger Delta crisis and the militarization of the region, among others. It therefore suggested that the country should intensify its efforts to curb the crimes.

Keywords: Crude oil theft; Illegal bunkering; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Pipeline vandalism

ELECTRICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A MEDIUM-SIZE SATELLITE

Titiloye Stephen Oyediran & Titiloye Yetunde Adebimpe

Department of Electrical Engineering

 Federal Polytechnic, Bida.

Email: titiloyeso2014@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Aiming on the requirement of generating an accurate electrical model of a medium size satellite, the software created for this paper provides a complete simulation of a medium to bigger size satellites. This paper analyses the disadvantage in the vulnerability in the existing satellite to harsh environment condition like shadowing, radiation and extreme temperature variations in space. Solution is thereby offered through modeling and simulation of a medium-size satellite in a more realistic fashion. The methodology of the modeling includes system design and solidification of a generic solar array, distribution system, backup battery system, load analysis system and a complete thermal model for the battery and solar array. The software includes solar cell to solar array relations, bypass systems, imbalance in array wings, array power generation and shunting model, battery charge and discharge model and a load profile. The modeled satellite shows during tests that during daylight, the system runs effectively, charging the battery. Thence, excess power is calculated and shunted. And during darkness, the panels were able to provide power through the battery. All cell/array/battery features are therefore highly realistic and database modeled.

Keywords:- Satellite, Solar Array, Power Regulation, Back-up Battery, Electrical Model.