RISK ALLOCATION PREFERENCE IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN NIGERIA

I.Y. Mohammed¹; K. Bala² and S.U. Kunya³

^1&3Building Programme, School of Environmental Technology

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi –Nigeria

²Department of Building, A.B.U. Zaria – Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The traditional methods used to measure project success in the construction industry are ‘the iron triangle´ of time, cost and quality. These criteria are no longer sufficient as other factors related to project sustainability are being demanded. Sustainable procurement policies require that projects provide social and economic gains to host communities. Construction works procured using public private partnership arrangement (PPPs) are more risk prone than those procured using other forms, primarily due to the lengthy concession period and the multi-parties involved in the arrangement. In Nigeria, researches on the assessment of the performance of projects procured using PPP are few due to the novelty of the approach. Many projects are still at pre-construction and construction stages whilst few are at the operation stage. It is important for the public and private sectors to establish effective risk allocation strategies for public-private partnership (PPP) projects in order to achieve a more efficient process of contract negotiation and reduce the occurrence of dispute during the concession period. This paper aims to identify the preferred risk allocation in PPP projects in Nigeria. A questionnaire survey was used based on identified risks. The results show that the public sector preferred to retain most political, legal and social risks, and share most micro level risks and force majeure risk; while the majority of micro level risks were preferred to be allocated to the private sector. The analyses of risk allocation preference among the respondents indicate that the public sector was most able to transfer the PPP risks to the private sector. 55% of the respondents exhibited the greatest degree of support for the public sector to retain the macro level risks. All respondents agreed that private investors should take a more active role in managing the micro level risks. 30% of the respondents considered that majority of the micro level risks should be shared equally between the public and private sectors, while 15% of the respondents indicated that the private sector should take a more active role in managing the micro level risks. The study provides investors a better understanding of risk preferences among the stakeholders so that they could adjust their strategies according to the specific situation and achieve better value for money in running their PPP projects.

ASSESSMENT OF MAINTENANCE COST FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN BAUCHI STATE

¹Gambo M. J.; ²Usman N. D.; ³Ashen, M. J. and ⁴Akoh S.E.

¹Estate Management Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi

²Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi

³Department of Estate Management, Plateau State Polytechnic Barkin Ladi

⁴ Department of Building Technology, Federal Polytechnic Idah Kogi State

E-mail: mjgambs@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

An assessment of maintenance cost for public institutional buildings in Bauchi state was carried out and relevant literatures were reviewed. The present cost of constructing each selected public institutional building was determined by multiplying the Gross floor area to the construction cost per meter square as at year 2004. The present value of maintenance of each selected public institutional building was determined. The present value of maintenance of each selected public institutional building was computed using the present value of one naira per annum table (single rate). With the aid of regression analysis using stat view computer package, the result of analysis show a significant relationship between the values of maintenance cost and construction cost. A very weak correlation exists between initial cost of building and initial maintenance cost of public institutional buildings. The results show a very strong linear relationship between the present value of maintenance and gross floor area. The knowledge of the existence of such relationships serves as a guide to public and private administrators in planning for construction of buildings and design management for preventive maintenance.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF LA CAMPAGNE TROPICANA BEACH RESORT TO THE HOST COMMUNITY

¹Tijani Nasiru Olawale;²Uch-Ibeabuchi Chinyere Catherine and ³Yina Orga Donald

^1&2National Institute for Hospitality and Tourism (NIHOTOUR), Osogbo

Department of Tourism Management, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi

ABSTRACT

The study evaluates the socio-economic contribution of La Campagne Tropica Beach Resort to the host community. Information used for the study was collected with the aid of questionnaire administration, personal observation and interview. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select 60 indigenes of the community who have attained 28 years of age. The study also revealed that the establishment of La Campagne Tropicana in the study areas has provided enormous socio economic benefits to the host community in terms of employment, infrastructure, income hence the federal government through their respective agencies should invest enormous resources in the establishment of tourist attractions in rural areas and provide enabling environment for the private sector to do so in order to reduce unemployment among the youths.

Table of Contents

Environmental Issues and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Nigeria

Niger Delta Region: The Need for a Pragmatic Approach

Kelly Ejumudo; Zephaniah Osuyi Edo; Lucky Avweromre

and Jonathan Sagay …………………………………………………………………………………………………………       1- 21

Law of Armed Conflicts and Regulation of Weapons of Mass Destruction:

A Subject of Controversy

Nwanolue, Bonn Obiekwe Godwin and Victor Chidubem Iwuoha.…………………………………..  22-32

An Analysis of Trip Generation and Vehicular Traffic Pattern in Akure Metropolis Ondo

State, Nigeria

Awoyemi, O. K.; Ita, A. E;  Oke, M. O., Abdulkarim, I. A. and Awotayo, G. P………………………      33-43

Urban Transportation Challenges: The Impact of the Lagos Brt-Lite

Yaqub J.O.; A.O. Olateju and B. Aina.,…………………………………………………………………………….             44-51

Language, Literature and Communication: Challenges for National Integration

and Globalization

Ayaka Rigima Obadiah……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..      52-57

Nigerian Environment and the Challenges of Implementing the Child Rights Law:

 A Case Study of Akwa Ibom and Cross River States

 Ukpong J. Sunday; Ayo S. Ikpan; Ekong A. Edet, and ⁴Isong, H. Emmah …………………………..     58-64

Good Governance and Credible Elections in Nigeria

Beetseh, kwaghga,………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….                65-72

Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives of Federalism: The Possible Contribution

of Federal Structures to a Resolution of Contemporary Political Problems and

Contending Issues in Nigeria

Abdur-Rahman Olalekan Olayiwola…………………………………………………………………………………………     73-103

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVES OF FEDERALISM: THE POSSIBLE

CONTRIBUTION OF FEDERAL STRUCTURES TO A RESOLUTION OF CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL PROBLEMS AND CONTENDING ISSUES IN NIGERIA

Abdur-Rahman Olalekan Olayiwola

Department of Political Science

Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria

E-mail: nusramurana@yahoo .co.uk

ABSTRACT

The debate on Minorities, Federalism and Politics in Nigeria has continued unabated. The result of many disputes about Nigerian Federalism, ethnic minority-majority contradictions, possible solutions to inclusive state and sustainable national development, is, arguably, what the French call a ‘dialogue of the deaf, where nobody hears the other side’s argument. This paper examines the theoretical and conceptual perspectives of Federalism and the possible contributions of Federal structures to a resolution of contemporary political problems and contending issues in Nigeria as far as minorities-majorities relations are concerned. The paper begins with a theoretical exploration of the Federal Government conceptualization and practice generally and particularly in Nigeria. It examines the contending issues in Nigeria and notes that minorities have not been treated fairly under the Nigerian Federal Structure, The paper notes that since 1954 when the minorities in the country first bombarded the colonial government with an avalanche of requests for the creation of autonomous divisions in order to ensure equity and justice in an unfolding Nigerian Federal Structure, the demands for the creation of additional states and localities have become a fad. Yet, empirical indications abound to confirm that minorities in Nigerian federalism have suffered tremendously from structural imbalance, political power, economic development, domination, distribution of power and resources, participation in nation’s affairs, allocation of development projects, provision of amenities, and appointment into key political offices to mention just a few. Attempts have been made by successive governments – both civilian and military to address the minorities question, fear, dissatisfaction and agitations. Such attempts have included Federal Character or quota system provided for by the 1979 and 1999 Constitutions as amended. The experience of ethnic minorities world wide has also shown that several approaches can be adopted to manage the problem. These include assimilation, ethnocide, genocide, constitutional safeguards, reversal of status and territorial solution, which otherwise is known as, state and locality creation. How best can the minorities-majorities issues be addressed in Nigerian Federal Structure? What are the contending issues relating to minorities-majorities relations in Nigeria and how best can they be tackled? This paper attempts some answers. The paper concludes by making recommendations including;

1. That the Nigerian Constitution should be further amended to guarantee a stronger constitutional provisions that will protect the rights of minorities and majorities.
2. That the Federal Character principle, quota system, rotation of political power among a
   host of other attempts to address the issue of minorities-majorities relations in Nigerian
   Federal Structure should be made justiciable so that rights provided for are capable of being enforced in courts of law.

That Nigeria must convene a National Constitutional Conference on the National
Question of minorities-majorities relations and make a collective national resolve to
make Nigeria work and decide once and for all either to live together or sink together.

• That the issues of religion, ethnicity, minorities within minorities, majority monopoly of
  power-political, economic, military, census manipulation, political intimidation, creation
  of more States and more Local Governments, and Revenue Allocation to mention just a
  few should be resolved.
• That we are running against time and time is of the essence. We need to move fast and now to avert terrible horrible ethnic cleansing incidents the type that occurred in Rftwanda and Bosnia and are currently happening in the Middle East and Palestine to mention just a few parts of the world.

GOOD GOVERNANCE AND CREDIBLE ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA

Beetseh, Kwaghga

Department of Library

Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi

beetsekwaghga@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The electoral process is an ideal and integral part of the democratic process, whether in developed or developing societies. A mat-functioning of electoral system inadvertently produces mat-administration. The mal-function of electoral system is caused by the incident of leadership failure and political violence. In most developing countries, crisis of governance is usually the major problem because of the kind of people chosen into elective position. This paper however examines good governance and credible elections in Nigeria using relative deprivative rising expectation model and frustration aggression mode as it theoretical framework of analysis. The paper also examines credible elections as a determinant factor for good governance in any society. Critical analyses of African countries have clearly shows elections as selective and carry go process which in turn produces bad governance across all levels of government. The paper also recommended some remedies for credible elections such as review the structure, compositions operations and finding of INEC so that it can attain autonomy. INEC shoul develop a code of conduct for political parties and institutionalize continuous voter’s registration and make review at the local government level, INEC should develop and popularize a code of conduct for the security agencies’ security sector transformation is a vital component of democratic reform and is crucial to guaranteeing respect for civil rights. New standards of behavior should be set for all members of the security services, including an end to impunity and institutional cover-up. This could necessitate that the National Assembly make changes to existing statues. The government should provide security sector officials with contiuonous training in democratic values, while civil society should develop the capacity to monitor effectively the security agencies and their operations .For any credible elections; those mentioned above remedies must be implemented. 

TEXT BOOKS AND STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OBUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CROSS RIVER STATE.

CURRICULUM PERSPECTIVE

Cyril K. Evey; Sunday Eyo Abu and Peter Obi

¹Department of General Studies, Education, Federal College of Education, Obudu, Cross River

²Department of Educational Foundation, Federal College of Education, Obudu, Cross River

³Department of Social Studies, Federal College of Education, Obudu, Cross River

ABSTRACT

The paper examines Textbooks and Students Performance in Social Studies in Junior Secondary Schools in Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State. Curriculum perspectives. The study used exfacto-design and made use   20 item questionnaire to measure the 2 variables, (Textbooks) two research questions and two hypotheses were used for the study comprise 200 hundred students and a simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 students and 50 teachers from five junior secondary schools. Two statistical instrument textbooks and students performance in social studies questionnaire t-test and multiple regression were used to analysis the data. The result show the null hypotheses were significant that textbooks influence students academic performance in Social studies, hence play a significant role in teaching and learning in Junior SecondarySchools.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: A PANACEA TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Binta M. Mandara

Department of Business Education

Federal College of Education, Yola

ABSTRACT

Entrepreneurship education constitutes a crucial factor in the economic growth and development of every nation. This would only be achieved by harnessing and giving entrepreneurship education a special attention.  This paper highlights the prominence of entrepreneurship, ways of energizing the spirit of entrepreneurship, why people take entrepreneurial courses.  It also highlights some effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, the growth of entrepreneurship education and effects of encouraging entrepreneurship education.  The paper further raises a number of suggestions that could help to improve entrepreneurship education for economic development of a nation (Nigeria).

WORKPLACE VIOLENCE AND THE COST-BENEFIT TRADE OFF OF ZERO-TOLERANCE SAFETY POLICIES IN CENTRAL NIGERIAN HOSPITALS

Wurim, Ben Pam

Assistant Chief Accountant

National Directorate of Employment, Plateau State

ABSTRACT

A well written and implemented Workplace violence prevention program, combined with engineering controls, administrative controls and training can reduce workplace violence and the attendant costs in both private and public organisations. The major objective of this paper is to unravel and analyze the cost-benefit trade of implementing zero-tolerance policies and to investigate the potency of such policies in the reduction of workplace violence. Data was collected from a convenient sampling of 103 employees of 4 hospitals and clinics and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic. The result showed that early identification of certain risk factors significantly impact violence prevention and protection; zero-tolerance safety policies do not reduce workplace violence and costs; and the costs of implementing zero- tolerance safety policies are greater than the benefits of implementation. The paper recommends that employers should provide safety education for employees, secure the workplace, provide drop safes to limit the amount of cash on hand, instruct employees not to enter any location where they feel unsafe and equip field staff with cellular and hand-held alarms or noise devices.

Table of Contents

Private Sector Participation and Development of Secondary Schools in Bayelsa

State, NigeriaOkilo D.A. and Digha O.N